Neurophysiology

Nerve conduction studies measure electrical responses along selected peripheral motor and sensory nerves, while needle EMG records electrical activity in selected muscles. Together with the clinical examination, these tests can help localize abnormalities involving nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or muscles and characterize the pattern and severity of dysfunction. When a neuromuscular junction disorder is suspected, specialized techniques such as repetitive nerve stimulation or single-fiber EMG may provide additional information.

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring records may document baseline signals, waveform changes during surgery, alerts, technical adjustments, communications with the operating-room team, and interventions that followed. Changes in monitored signals may reflect neurological compromise, anesthesia effects, physiologic changes, patient positioning, or technical factors. The timing and context of each change should therefore be considered before attributing it to neurological injury.