Simulation

A simulation model is a representation of a real or proposed system used to study how that system may behave under specified conditions. The model can contain equations, rules, physical relationships, probabilities, constraints, or data-driven assumptions. An expert can examine whether those elements appropriately represent the issue being studied and how changes to the model affect its results.

Numerical simulation uses computational methods to approximate solutions to mathematical problems that may be difficult or impossible to solve analytically. In a dispute, an expert may review equations, numerical techniques, discretization, initial and boundary conditions, tolerances, convergence, and input values to determine whether the resulting calculations are technically reliable for the purpose claimed.

Simulation software provides the computational environment in which a model is configured and executed. Relevant evidence can include software versions, settings, solver selections, scripts, input files, output records, logs, and documentation. An expert can determine whether the software was configured consistently with the model and whether software settings or implementation choices affected the reported results.

Simulation is a broad method for representing and evaluating the behavior of systems or conditions, and it does not require an immersive visual environment. Virtual Reality focuses on interactive computer-generated environments experienced through displays, tracking, controllers, and other immersive technologies. VR can be used to present a simulation, but many simulations involve numerical or computational models without any virtual reality component.